Introduction
Conversation is one process to communicate to other people. There are many places we can find what the conversation about. When someone in the class, in the bus, in house, and so on. Doing conversation we can find in everywhere, because using the conversation will make many people contact to each other. For example, a teacher talking to students in a classroom, a doctor talking to a patient in a clinic. These all is the example of simple conversation.To learn more about conversation, someone can learn about the conversation analysis to learn about how to produce a conversation well. In learning about conversation, we will find some terms in conversation analysis. Pauses, overlap, turn are some examples that we need to know during learn about conversation analysis. There are many metaphors used to describe conversational partners coordinating their movements smoothly.
For others it’s like traffic crossing an intersection. However, the most widely used analytic approach is based not on dancing nor on traffic flow, but on an analogy with workings of a market economy. But the one we need to remember is an interaction that we can set as the higher level of communication. Using an interaction can we use by using language verbal or gesture. Communication is one of language verbal that the people who interact each other know and understand what the topic they discuss about.
Discussion
Interaction is one of many activities that people do in their life in every day. By how to respond the speakers say and how to be a good speaker is important. By how we use our language verbal and gesture, it looks as our politeness in society. In this part, we will discuss more about conversation. In conversation, there we call conversation analysis that we need to know and apply in our life. There some part that should we know like pause, overlap, back channel, conversation style,adjency pairs, and preference structures.
a. Conversation analysis
Sometimes, when we discuss with our friends, there are some mistakes that we made. Its like when we need to speak, how to give changes to our friends to speak and the hardest one when we discuss that more than two people in our conversation. We also can know is our conversation is a good conversation or not.
Conversation analysis is a popular approach to the study of discourse. Conversation
analysis (CA) is a method for investigating the structure and process of social interaction between humans. It is a way of thinking about and analyzing the pragmatics of ordinary conversation, focusing on the interactive, practical construction of everyday interchanges.
There are some point that we need to know in conversation such as floor, turn, turn-
taking, local management system and transition relevan place (TRP).
1. Floor
Floor is the right to speak. Every people who are speaking is take their floor. Floor
means here is the time that they use to speak.
2. Turn
Turn is the position that having control of this floor in anytime. The speaker that get
they turn will have time to speak and other people will givee their time to focus and
give their attention to the speaker.
3. Turn-taking
Turn-taking is the time in any situation where control is not fixed in advance, any
one can attempt to get control. Taking the time to control the situation or speaking in
one spesific situation that also we know as turn-taking. It use in some spesific time
in speaking. Sometimes, turn-taking that should we need to do in make a correction
in one conversation. But the point that we need to know is how to take this place
when someone still speaking.
4. Local management system
Local management system is set of convension for getting, keeping and giving away
turns. It is how to set and control the people turn in speaking. Commonly, it uses in
some formal conversation. Someone will stand as the controler and devide the
speaker time to speak.
5. Transition relevan place (TRP)
Transition relevan place is any posible change of turn point. It also similar with open
discussion where the people who want to speak just only take their turn
conditionally.
Another type that we need to know about analytic metaphor can describe by some
points:
• Provides us with a basic perspective in which speakers having a conversation
are viewed as taking turns at holding the floor.
• Can be applied to those conversations where speakers cooperate and share the
floor equally.
• Describe those conversations where speakers seem to be in competition,
fighting to keep the floor and preventing others from getting it.
b. Pause, overlap and back channel
In some case of conversations, pause, overlap and backchannel easy to happen.
Conversations typically consist of two or more participants taking turns, and only one participant speaking at any time, but if both speakers trying to speak at the same time is called overlap when two people attempt to have a conversation and discover that there is no ‘flow’, or smooth rhythm to their transition, much more is being communicated than is said.
To understand more about pause and overlap, now we will discuss more about types of overlap:
1. Difficult first conversation with unfamiliar person.
Following is an interaction between a student and his friend’s father during their first meeting:
Mr. Strait: What's your major, Dave?
Dave: English—well, I haven't really decided yet.
(3 seconds silence)
Mr. Strait: So—you want to be a teacher?
Dave: No—not really—well not if I can help it.
(2.5 seconds silence)
Mr. Strait: Wha—//Where do you— go ahead
Dave: I mean it's a—oh, sorry //I em—
N.B.
— are short pauses and show hesitations
// used at the beginning of the overlapping talk.
2. Overlap communicates closeness
There is an example about ocerlap communicates closeness in one conversation:
Min: Did you see him in the video?
Wendy: Yeah - the part on the beach
Min: Oh my God // he was so lovely
Wendy // he was just being so cool
Min: And all the waves // crashing around him!
Wendy: // yeah that was really wild
N.B.
— are short pauses and show hesitations
// used at the beginning of the overlapping talk.
3. Overlap communicates competitions
Another example in overlap communicates competition:
Joe: When they were in // power las-- wait CAN I FINISH?
Jerry: // that's my point I said --
N.B.
— are short pauses and show hesitations
// used at the beginning of the overlapping talk.
If one speaker actually turns over the floor to another and the other does not speak, then the silence is attributed to the second speakers and become significance. It’s an
attributable silence. Short pauses (marked with a dash) are simply hesitations, and longer pauses are become silence. Silence is significant and will be interpreted as meaningful.
In the following interaction, the non-response of Dave is treated, by his girlfriend, as
possibly communicating something:
Jan: Dave, I'm going to the store.
(2 seconds)
Jan: Dave?
(2 seconds)
Jan: Dave – is something wrong?
Dave: What? What's wrong?
Jan: Never mind.
There are some condition where the back channel wee need to apply
1. Speaker who wants to keep holding the floor will avoid providing TRPs, i.e. avoiding open pauses at the end of syntactic units and places fillers/breaths in the middle, not at the end of those units.
For example:
I wasn't talking about—um his first book that was—uh really just like a start
and so— uh isn't—doesn't count really.
2. Another floor holding device is to indicate that there is a larger structure to your turn. There are three points I'd like to make—first ... There's more than one way to do this—one example would be... Didn't you know about Melvin?—Oh, it was last October ... Did you hear about Cindy's new car?—She got it in ...
3. Speakers expect their conversational partners to indicate that they are listening.
Nodding, smiling, other facial expressions, gestures, vocal indications are called
backchannel signals
Caller: If you use your long distance service a lot then you'll …
Mary: // uh-huh
Caller: be interested in the discount I'm talking about because …
Mary: // yeah
Caller: it can only save you money to switch to a cheaper service
Mary:
c. Conversation style
In conversation style, there two kinds of these style:
1. High Involvement Style— very active, that speaking rate will be relatively fast, with almost no pausing between turns, and with some overlap or even competition
between turns.
2. High Considerateness Style— speakers use a slower rate, expect longer pauses
between turns, do not overlap and avoid interruption or completion of the other's
turn.
By two difference above, there two possible reason when someone speak. First, the
faster speaker may think the slower one doesn't have much to say, is shy, perhaps boring or stupid. Next, the slower speaker may view the faster one as noisy, pushy, domineering, selfish and tiresome. But the one point we need to remind that Features of conversational style are often interpreted as personality traits
d. Adjency pairs
Almost automatic patterns in the structure of conversation (as given below), e.g., in
greetings and good-byes are called adjacency pairs. These automatic sequences are called adjacency pairs. They always consist of a first and second part produced by different
speakers.
For example:
Anna: Hello! Bill: Hi!
Anna: How are you? Bill: Fine.
Anna: See ya! Bill: Bye!
A lot of internal variation is possible:
For example: opening of conversation.
First Part Second Part
A: What's up? B: Nothin' much
A: How's it goin'? B: Jus' hangin' in there
A: How are things? B: The usual
A: How ya doin' B: Can't complain
Example: question - answer sequence in [1]
Example: thanking - response sequence in [2]
Example: request - accept sequence in [3]
First Part Second Part
A: What time is it? B: About eight-thirty
A: Thanks. B: You're welcome
A: Could you help me with this? B: Sure
e. Preference structure
Adjacency pairs represent social actions, and not all social actions are equal when they occur as second parts of some pairs, e.g., a first part request expects an acceptance. Acceptance is structurally more likely than refusal and Structural likelihood is called preference. Preference structure divides second parts into preferred and dispreferred social acts. Conversations between those who are close familiars will tend to have fewer elaborate dispreferreds than conversations between those who are still working out their social relationship.
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